what is a healthy salt-to-water ratio for chicken water

Arch.Geflügelk., 73 ( 4). South. 217- 226 , 2009, ISSN 0003-9098. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

The upshot of sodium chloride supplementation in the drinking water on h2o and feed intake and egg quality of laying hens under circadian heat stress

Einfluss eines Zusatzes von Natriumchlorid zum Trinkwasser auf die Wasser- und Futteraufnahme sowie die Eiqualität von Legehennen bei zyklischem Hitzestress

ⁱNational Institute of Beast Husbandry, Thuy Phuong, Hanoi, Vietnam

²Dept. of Poultry Science (470c), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Frg

Manuskript eingegangen am 24. Juni 2008, angenommen am 21. September 2008

Summary

The objective of this report was to report the responses of laying hens to circadian heat stress and effect of increasing water intake of laying hens through NaCl supplementation in the drinking water on trunk weight, body temperature and productivity traits under estrus claiming. A total of 48 hens were kept in environmental controlled chambers and randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups of 16 hens each. These groups were given 0, 0.ii and 0.4% NaCl in the drinking water during cyclic heat stress. The room temperature was constant at 21�±�1˚C for one week earlier rut stress. During heat stress, temperature was cycled from 21�±�ane˚C to 34�±�i˚C (from ix to 22 o'clock) for 7 days, and then returned to 21�±�i˚C for i calendar week.

The result showed that heat stress increased h2o consumption, h2o: feed ratio and body temperature of laying hens while feed intake, egg production, egg weight, body weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg deformation, yolk colour and HU were not affected. NaCl supplementation significantly increased water intake and water: feed ratio as compared to control grouping. NaCl supplementation (0.2 and 0.iv%) reduced feed intake and tendentiously decreased egg out put during heat stress catamenia, but after heat stress the laying rate reached to the pre-heat stress level in the both treatments. The control birds, in contrast, did not reduce laying charge per unit and feed consumption during estrus stress, but laying rate declined in the catamenia after heat stress. This effect was explained past bereft increment water consumption of the control birds in response to heat stress.

Key words

Layer, sodium chloride, heat stress, water intake, feed intake, egg quality

Zusammenfassung

Einfluss eines Zusatzes von Natriumchlorid zum Trinkwasser auf die Wasser- und Futteraufnahme sowie die Eiqualität von Legehennen bei zyklischem Hitzestress

Ziel der Untersuchung war, dice Reaktion von Legehennen auf zyklischen Hitzestress und dice Wirkung einer erhöhten Wasseraufnahme bedingt durch die Zugabe von Kaliumchlorid zum Trinkwasser auf das Körpergewicht, die Körpertemperatur und die Produktionsleistung unter Hitze­belastung zu überprüfen. In der Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 48 Legehennen verwendet, die in Klimakammern gehalten und zufällig auf die drei Versuchsgruppen (jeweils sixteen Hennen) verteilt wurden. Dice Versuchsgruppen erhielten Trinkwasser mit 0, 0,2 bzw. 0,4% NaCl während der zyklischen Hitzebelastung. Die Raumtemperatur betrug in der ersten Woche 21�±�ane˚C, schwankte in der zweiten Woche zwischen 21�±�1˚C auf 34�±�one˚C (zwischen 9 und 22�h) und betrug in der dritten Woche wieder konstant 21�±�i˚C.

Der Hitzestress führte zu höherer Wasseraufnahme, Wasser: Futter-Verhältnis und Körpertemperatur der Legehennen, während Futteraufnahme, Legeleistung, Eigewicht, Körpergewicht, Eischalendicke. Eischalenstabilität, elastische Verformung der Eischale. Dotterfarbe und Haugh-Einheit nicht beeinflusst wurden. Dice Na-Cl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser erhöhte im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe dice Wasseraufnahme und das Wasser: Futter-Verhältnis signifikant. Die Na-Cl-Zulage (0,ii und 0,four%) reduzierte die Futteraufnahme und auch tendenziell dice Legeleistung während der Hitzebelastung. Nach der Hitzbelastung erreichte die Legeleistung in beiden Behandlungen wieder dasselbe Niveau wie vor der Belastung. Im Gegensatz hierzu verminderten sich die Legeleistung und die Futter­aufnahme der Kontrollgruppe nicht während der Hitze­belastung, allerdings ging die Legeleistung in der Periode nach der Hitzebelastung zurück. Dieser Effekt kann durch eine ungenügende Erhöhung der Wasseraufnahme der Kontrolltiere während der Temperaturbelastung erklärt werden.

Stichworte

Legehenne, Natriumchlorid, Hitzestress, Wasseraufnahme, Futteraufnahme, Eiqualität

Introduction

The effects of high ambient temperature on craven were investigated by many experiments. In laying hens, estrus stress resulted in decrease in egg quality, egg weight, shell thickness ( Warren, 1939 ; Wilson, 1949 ; Smith, 1978 ; Saffar and Rose, 2002 ; Mashaly et al., 2004 ) and egg production ( Uruglu et al., 2001 ). High temperature results in increase in body temperature of birds ( Heywang, 1938 ; Lee et al., 1945 ; Wilson, 1949 ; Boone and Hughes, 1971 ; Donkoh, 1989 ; Smith, 2001 ), decrease in trunk weight ( Smith, 1978 ; Bonnet et al., 1997 ), depression in feed intake ( Wilson, 1949 ; Emmans, 1974 ; Kamal, 1975 ; Cobb, 1991 ; Li et al., 1992 ; May and Lott, 1992 ; Bird et al., 1988 ), and increase in water consumption ( Wilson, 1949 ; Portsmouth, 1979 ; May and Lott, 1992 ). Drinking is closely associated with feeding ( Hill et al., 1979 loc. cit. Appleby et al., 1992 ). Water: feed ratio of laying hens ranged from 1.8 to 2.0 at normal temperature (twenty˚C) ( Singleton, 2004 ), and it was 1.5 in broilers at 22˚C ( Deeb and Cahaner, 1998 ). It increased from i.74 at 21.1˚C to 2.08 at 28˚C ( Bong, 2002 ), and it was near two.eight in laying hens at 34˚C ( Dai and Bessei, 2007 ).

Numerous methods of reducing the negative effects of loftier ambient temperature were studied over the years. Water intake has been shown to exist a management factor of major importance to the heat stressed hens ( Balnave and Brake, 2005 ) and survival of chicken in hot surround depends on the consumption of big volumes of h2o ( Fox, 1951 ). The increase in h2o consumption benefits the bird by increasing corporeality of heat dissipated past respiratory tract ( Belay and Teeter, 1993 ) and maintenance torso water balance ( Borges et al., 2003 ). Bessei et al. (1998) revealed that birds with excess water consumption under moderate atmospheric condition, maintained loftier feed intake and egg production under oestrus stress while birds with low water intake reduced egg production.

High water intake, yet, lead to increasing excretion of minerals through digestive tract, and the increased respiratory activity changes the balance of minerals in the claret.

Therefore, it is generally acknowledged that supplementation of minerals is necessary to maintain physiological function during hot weather condition ( Ait-Boulahsen et al., 1989 ; Belay et al., 1992 ; Restriction et al., 1994 ).

Sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation in the drinking water was reported to increment water intake of chicken ( Damron and Kelly, 1987 ; Smith, 2001 ; Richter et al., 2006 ). Broilers tin tolerate upward to 0.ii% NaCl in the drinking water ( Afifi et al., 1992 ). Supplementation ii�thousand NaCl/l in the drinking water ( Yoselewitz and Balnave, 1989 ; Khafafalla and Bessei, 1996 ) for laying hens increased eggshell defects. However, in loftier ambience temperature, NaCl supplementation is reported to reduce the negative effects of high temperature on broilers. Broilers receiving 0.376% ( Smith, 1994 ) and 0.39% ( Deyhim and Teeter, 1991 ) NaCl in drinking had better weight gain at 35˚C. Addition of 0.08% NaCl in the drinking h2o did not reduce the effect of cyclic estrus stress (24–35–24˚C) on broilers ( Deyhim and Teeter, 1995 ). While the responses of laying hens and broilers to drinking water or diet containing NaCl in moderate atmospheric condition had been extensively studied, supplementation of NaCl in the drinking water of laying hens under estrus stress has received less attending. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to study the consequence of NaCl supplementation in the drinking h2o on h2o and feed intake, torso temperature, egg production and egg quality of laying hens under heat claiming.

Materials and methods

A total of 48 Hisex hens (fourscore weeks sometime) were kept in private laying cages in climatic chambers and were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of 16 hens each. The birds had been raised on deep litter and then transferred to cages, in a windowless forced ventilated poultry house, at twenty weeks of age. They were subjected to induced laying pause at 65 weeks of age to ensure expert egg production level and proficient plumage embrace during the experiment. These groups were given 0; 0.ii and 0.4% NaCl in the drinking h2o for seven consecutive days of heat stress. Before and afterward heat stress, birds were given normal drinking water. Water was provided through nipple drinkers. Birds were fed layer nutrition containing 11.45 MJ/kg Metabolizable Energy, 16.97% rough poly peptide, iii.73% calcium, 0.62% phosphorus, 0.22% sodium and 0.33% chloride, 0.79% Lysine, and 0.42% Methionine. Feed was provided ad libitum. The elapsing of the study was 3 weeks (from 25 April to 15 May 2007). Before the experiment, the birds were kept to adapt to the new surroundings at temperature of 21�±�ane˚C for 7 days. In experimental menstruation, the room temperature was abiding at 21�±�one˚C for 1 week before heat stress. During heat stress, temperature was cycled from 21�±�1˚C to 34�±�1˚C (from 9 to 22 o'clock) for 7 days, and then returned to 21�±�ane˚C for one week. Humidity was non controlled. 14-hours lighting schedule was maintained during experiment.

H2o and feed intake, water: feed ratio, torso weight, torso temperature, egg production, egg weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell deformation, eggshell strength, yolk color and Haugh Units (HU) were recorded. Daily h2o and feed consumption were adamant by weighing feed or water in the morning of the first day, and weighing back in the next morn. The body weight was recorded at ane^st and the last twenty-four hours of experiment, and at 7^th day of heat stress. The number of eggs laid past each bird was recorded daily. Egg was weighted to the nearest 1-10th gram. Eggshell defects including broken, cracked, leaking, soft-shelled eggs and misshapen eggs were daily determined by visual inspection. Torso temperature was recorded at the 24-hour interval before, and at 1^st, iii^rd; v^th and 7^thursday day of heat stress. All eggs were collected on the day before, three^rd, 5^th and vii^th 24-hour interval of heat stress for quality measurement. Eggs were identified by bird and brought on the day of collection to the laboratory of the Institut für Tierhaltung und Tierzüchtung, Universität Hohenheim, Germany. The egg samples were stored overnight at 10 to 15˚C.

The shell breaking strength and crush deformation were measured by the quasi-static compression test using Instron (Model 4301, Instron Ltd., Coronation Road, High Wycombe, Bucks HP 123 SY, England), where the eggs were compressed at a constant speed of 5.0�mm/min betwixt the poles and the steel surfaces. The shell deformation was adamant to the nearest 0.001�mm equally the applied force reached 10 N. The compression fracture forcefulness (CFS) was determined at the time of fracture. Both measurements were recorded past a calculator connected to the Instron.

Shell thickness (including the membranes) was measured on three pieces (broad, equator and sharp end) from the equator of each egg using a thickness micrometer gauge. The shell thickness was determined after rinsing shells with distilled water and oven-stale at 70˚C for 4 hours. Yolk colour was scored using the DSM Yolk Color Fan of DSM Nutritional Products (P.O. Box 3255, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland). It comprises xv blades ranging showtime at pale yellow (i) to dark orange (xv). Albumen height in millimeters for computing HU was measured by a tripod micrometer connected to a figurer using the special software made by Fa.HEYD-Messzeuge 73728, Esslingen, Deutschland.

All data were recorded on the basis of private bird. Therefore private birds were considered as a replication. The experimental data were statistically analyzed by JMP five.0.1 program ( Sall et al., 2005 ). The effect of salt supplementation was tested by the MANOVA assay with salt concentration as stock-still issue and the period (before, during and subsequently rut stress) as the repeated measurement.

Differences between means of table salt concentrations within the periods were tested by Student's t-exam. using ANOVA procedure. Differences of means between periods with table salt concentration were tested by Matched Pairs test. MANOVA and Matched Pairs assay was not practical for egg quality assay since hens did non lay every mean solar day, and the information contained too many missing values.

Results

The results of the MANOVA are shown in Table�1. The effect of experimental period (time), which comprises the effect of increasing and decreasing temperature, was significantly different for water intake, feed intake, water: feed ratio, body temperature and body weight. NaCl supplementation influenced water intake, water: feed ratio, merely not feed intake, body weight and body temperature. The interaction fourth dimension x NaCl was pregnant for h2o intake, feed intake too every bit water: feed ratio. Laying rate was non significantly affected by period, NaCl and the interaction of catamenia and NaCl supplementation. There was no bloodshed in any experimental group, hence no information are presented.

Table one. Results of MANOVA analysis (P-values) for water and feed intake, h2o: feed ratio, body temperature and body weight earlier, rut stress and after estrus stress, and NaCl supplementation in drinking h2o

Ergebnisse der MANOVA (P-Werte) für Wasser- sowie Futteraufnahme, Wasser: Futter-Verhältnis, Körpertemperatur und Körpergewicht vor während und nach der Hitzebelastung in Abhängigkeit von der NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser

Factor	Parameters
�	Water intake	Feed intake	Water to feed ratio	Body weight	Trunk temperature	Laying rate
Time	<�0.0001	0.0224	0.0052	0.0193	<�0.0001	0.4670
NaCl	0.0003	0.802	0.0014	0.7056	0.1166	0.2924
Time*NaCl	0.0155	0.0039	0.0088	0.3206	0.8724	0.6163

Water and feed intake, h2o: feed ratio

Data of water intake, feed intake, and water: feed ratio on 6^th solar day after heat stress was missing due to technical issues. The influence of NaCl supplementation on water intake is shown in Effigy�1 and Table�2. Means of water intake during heat stress was significantly higher than earlier and after heat stress in all groups. Water intake decreased to normal on the first day the temperature decreased to normal and NaCl was withdrawn from drinking water (Effigy�1).

Figure i. Daily water intake in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water

Tägliche Wasseraufnahme über dice Versuchsphase für die NaCl-Zulagestufen zum Trinkwasser

Table ii. Water intake, feed intake and water: feed ratio in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water (mean�±�SD)

Wasseraufnahme, Futteraufnahme, Wasser: Futter-Verhältnis für die Versuchsperioden und die NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser (Mittelwert ± SD)

NaCl supplementation (%)	Before heat stress			During heat stress			Later on estrus stress
Water intake (ml/bird/day)
Command	210 A	±	47.52	295 B	±	56.12b	194 A	±	31.13b
0.two	233 A	±	39.82	407 B	±	38.82a	230 A	±	30.94a
0.4	211 A	±	29.19	439 B	±	82.58a	212 A	±	29.59ab
Feed intake (g/bird/twenty-four hour period)
Control	108	±	16.98	101	±	8.76	105	±	16.49
0.2	107 AB	±	twenty.13	96 A	±	12.51	108 B	±	12.31
0.four	101	±	viii.56	95	±	8.09	100	±	eight.xiv
Water: feed ratio
Control	2.01A	±	0.39	two.88B	±	0.49b	1.85C	±	0.24b
0.2	2.xviiiA	±	0.36	iv.52B	±	1.03a	ii.09A	±	0.16a
0.4	2.11A	±	0.25	4.56B	±	0.75a	two.12A	±	0.xxxa
* Means for the aforementioned column without mutual modest letters and for the aforementioned row without common capital letter letters are significantly dissimilar (P�<�0.05) * Fit of the model (one way ANOVA): R2�=�0.52, P�<�0.0001 (water intake during heat stress); R2�=�0.xix, P�=�0.02 (h2o intake after rut stress). Rtwo�=�0.threescore, P�<�0.0001 (water: feed ratio during heat stress); Rtwo�=�0.xx, P�<�0.02 (h2o: feed ratio later heat stress).

Heat stress increased h2o intake by forty.5% than before heat stress in command group while interaction heat stress (time) and NaCl supplementation increased past 74.seven% with 0.2% NaCl supplementation and 108% with 0.4% NaCl supplementation than before estrus stress. During rut stress, the mean water intake of the NaCl-supplemented groups was significantly higher than of the command group. After heat stress, both NaCl-supplemented groups returned to the level of the pre-stress period. Mean water consumption of the control group was lower than earlier heat stress and differed significantly from 0.2% NaCl supplemented grouping. The 0.4% NaCl supplemented grouping did not differ from the control and 0.2% supplemented group.

The means of feed intake are presented in the Figure�2 and Table�2. The means of feed intake were lower during rut stress in all treatments, just the differences were only significant in the 0.2% NaCl supplemented grouping compared to earlier and after heat stress. Feed intake declined immediately in all groups at the kickoff twenty-four hours of oestrus stress (Figure�2). There was a high variation from day to 24-hour interval, especially in the NaCl supplemented groups. Although the result of NaCl on feed intake was not significant, at that place was a tendency of lower means of the 0.ii% and 0.4% NaCl supplemented groups compared to the command group.

Figure 2. Daily feed intake in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water

Tägliche Wasseraufnahme über die Versuchsphase für die NaCl-Zulagestufen zum Trinkwasser

H2o: feed ratio (Figure�3 and Table�2 during rut stress was significantly higher than before and after heat stress in all groups. In the oestrus stress period, water: feed ratio increased from 2.01 to 2.88 in command group, ii.18 to 4.52 in 0.2% NaCl grouping, and 2.11 to 4.56 in 0.4% NaCl grouping. Afterward heat stress, h2o: feed ratio in control group was significantly lower than before heat stress.

Figure 3. Daily water: feed ratio in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water

Tägliches Wasser: Futter-Verhältnis über die Versuchsphase für die NaCl-Zulagestufen zum Trinkwasser

Water: feed ratio of both NaCl supplemented groups in the heat stress and later on heat stress was significantly higher compared with control. The differences between NaCl supplemented groups were non significant.

Egg production

The results of the laying charge per unit are given in the Table�iii and Figure�four. There was no immediate response of laying rate when the temperature increased in the heat stress period in the control group. Only after heat stress flow, the laying rate declined from 75.two% to 72.4%. The differences were, however, not meaning. In contrast to command grouping, the egg production of the NaCl supplemented groups decreased during the heat stress menstruum and increased afterwards. However, significant differences between means were non found. Effigy�iv revealed that laying rate declined the offset day of heat stress in all groups. There was a general tendency of recovery afterward. The ways between groups of KCl supplementation were not significantly unlike.

Table 3. Laying rate (%) in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water (mean�±�SD)

Legeleistung (%) für die Versuchsperioden und die NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser (Mittelwert ± SD)

NaCl solution (%)	Before heat stress			During rut stress			Later rut stress
Control	75.1	±	25.0	75.ii	±	20.5	72.4	±	27.2
0.ii	78.1	±	23.4	70.five	±	fifteen.7	77.i	±	20.eight
0.iv	84.7	±	xiv.7	82.8	±	18.i	83.8	±	19.4

Effigy 4. Daily Laying rate in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water

Tägliche Legeleistung über die Versuchsphase für die NaCl-Zulagestufen zum Trinkwasser

Torso weight

Means of body weight in command and 0.2% NaCl grouping (Tabular array�4) were not significantly different during the fourth dimension of experiment. Notwithstanding, on 7^th 24-hour interval after heat stress, torso weight of birds in 0.iv% NaCl group was significantly lower than that of birds on 7^th day of heat stress. In that location was no significant difference of trunk weight between handling groups and control group in whatsoever experimental menstruum.

Tabular array four. Body weight (g) in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking h2o (mean�±�SD)

Körpergewicht (thousand) für die Versuchsperioden und die NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser (Mittelwert ± SD)

NaCl solution (%)	Before heat stress			viith mean solar day of estrus stress			7th day after heat stress
Control	1874	±	215	1846	±	173	1827	±	147
0.2	1795	±	197	1832	±	224	1815	±	215
0.4	1893 AB	±	268	1884A	±	222	1852B	±	197
* Means for the same column without mutual small-scale messages and for the same row without common capital letters are significantly dissimilar (P�<�0.05)

Body temperature

Means of body temperature are presented in Table�5. Body temperature of birds before estrus stress in all groups was significantly lower than body temperature of birds during heat stress. The highest body temperature was found on the first day of heat stress, thereafter it decreased slightly. NaCl supplementation did not affect torso temperature; however, from iii^rd to 7^thursday 24-hour interval of heat stress, there was a trend of lower torso temperature (0.1 to 0.two˚C) with 0.4% NaCl supplementation in comparison with control and 0.2% NaCl group.

Tabular array 5. Body temperature (˚C) in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water (hateful�±�SD)

Körpertemperatur (˚C) während der Hitzebelastung für dice NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser (Mittelwert ± SD)

NaCl Solution (%)	Before			Heat stress										�	�
	�	�	�	Day 1			Day iii			Day 5			Day vii
Control	twoscore.6A	±	0.28	41.4B	±	0.20	41.iiB	±	0.27	41.iB	±	0.22	41.iiB	±	0.32
0.two	xl.8A	±	0.47	41.4B	±	0.26	41.2B	±	0.22	41.3B	±	0.38	41.iiiB	±	0.26
0.4	40.8A	±	0.24	41.iiiB	±	0.19	41.iB	±	0.24	41.1B	±	0.30	41.1B	±	0.29
* Means for the same column without common pocket-size messages and for the same row without mutual capital letter letters are significantly different (P�<�0.05)

Eggshell defects

Means of eggshell defects are presented in the Table�half dozen. The full egg trounce defects in the week of heat stress (11.iv and x.3% respectively) were non higher than in the calendar week of before rut stress (xv.two and 11.2%, respectively) in control and 0.4% NaCl grouping. In 0.2% NaCl group, eggshell defects slightly increased on the week of heat stress.

Table six. Eggshell defects in number and percentage in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water

Eischalendefekte absolut und in Prozent für die Versuchsperioden und die NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser

NaCl	Before heat stress			During heat stress
solution (%)	Eggshell defects/week	Total eggs/calendar week	% defects	Eggshell defects/week	Total eggs/week	% defects
Command	12	79	15.19	9	79	11.39
0.2	10	82	12.19	16	77	twenty.78
0.four	10	89	11.24	9	87	10.34

Egg quality

At that place was no change in thickness, strength, deformation of the eggshell, yolk color and HU before and during heat stress (Table�7). Egg weight of control and 0.four% NaCl was similar betwixt before and during estrus stress period. Egg weight of group receiving 0.two% NaCl on iii^rd and five^th day of heat stress was tendentiously lower than before and after heat stress.

Tabular array 7. Ways of some egg quality parameters in response to experimental periods and NaCl supplementation in drinking water (±�SD)

Mittelwerte einiger Eiqualitätsparameter während der Hitzebelastung für die NaCl-Zulage zum Trinkwasser (± SD)

NaCl	north	Day before			Heat stress
Solution (%)	�	�	�	�	n	Day 3			due north	Day 5			n	Solar day 7
Egg weight (g)
Control	12	69.25	±	5.39	11	69.96	±	6.82	12	68.50	±	6.36ab	14	69.27	±	6.00
0.ii	15	69.41	±	5.25	x	65.34	±	2.81	11	65.99	±	half-dozen.01a	13	68.93	±	6.43
0.iv	xiii	68.89	±	5.xix	xiii	68.42	±	half dozen.49	fourteen	71.75	±	half-dozen.35b	13	67.95	±	5.49
Shell strength (N)
Control	10	29.71	±	8.01	viii	29.41	±	vi.06	x	27.93	±	5.24	thirteen	thirty.66	±	5.14
0.two	thirteen	31.81	±	seven.four	4	32.86	±	ane.99	7	33.18	±	11.09	8	xxx.18	±	11.18
0.4	12	30.17	±	7.01	8	29.16	±	7.45	8	27.71	±	vii.45	12	31.77	±	4.66
Shell deformation (mm)
Control	7	0.065	±	0.016	8	0.066	±	0.013	10	0.066	±	0.018	13	0.058	±	0.017
0.2	11	0.053	±	0.009	4	0.062	±	0.014	vii	0.059	±	0.022	8	0.065	±	0.019
0.iv	12	0.064	±	0.012	8	0.057	±	0.013	viii	0.065	±	0.016	eleven	0.061	±	0.014
Vanquish thickness (x 0.01�mm)
Control	xiii	36.47	±	2.59	11	37.91a	±	i.61	11	37.53a	±	ii.29	14	37.82	±	2.14
0.ii	13	36.97	±	2.74	x	36.23ab	±	3.45	12	34.20b	±	v.10	eleven	36.03	±	2.79
0.four	12	35.47	±	ii.19	13	34.89b	±	3.eighteen	10	35.67ab	±	2.37	12	37.72	±	3.97
Yolk color
Control	13	9.69	±	0.48	12	9.l	±	0.52	12	nine.67	±	0.65	fifteen	9.53	±	0.51
0.2	thirteen	9.62	±	0.65	8	9.62	±	0.51	12	nine.75	±	0.45	eleven	9.64	±	0.50
0.4	12	9.75	±	0.62	xiii	ix.61	±	0.51	x	nine.60	±	0.52	13	9.54	±	0.51
HU
Control	14	71.99	±	10.55	12	63.44	±	thirteen.29	thirteen	67.13	±	12.54	11	72.34	±	9.54
0.2	xiii	72.93	±	9.65	9	71.86	±	15.22	10	70.88	±	16.23	11	lxx.52	±	xviii.sixteen
0.4	11	66.95	±	vii.61	xiii	61.45	±	10.31	x	64.59	±	nine.46	xiii	67.38	±	8.69
* Ways for the aforementioned column without common letters are significantly unlike (P�<�0.05) * Fit of the model (1 way ANOVA): R2�=�0.xvi, P�=�0.05 (egg weight at day 5 of heat stress); Rii�=�0.xviii, P�=�0.05 (eggshell thickness at day 3 of estrus stress).

There was no significant difference between NaCl supplementation and command grouping of egg shell force, vanquish deformation, yolk color and HU during heat stress. There was a college egg weight at 0.four% NaCl supplementation on 5^th mean solar day of heat stress in comparison with 0.2% NaCl and higher eggshell thickness of the control grouping on iii^rd and 5^th day of heat stress in comparison with the treatment groups.

Discussion

High ambient temperature and/or humidity were reported to deleteriously touch egg weight, egg number and eggshell quality in laying hens ( Warren, 1939 ; Wilson, 1949 ; Smith, 1978 ; Smith, 2001 , Saffar and Rose, 2002 ). High producing hens are particularly susceptible to high temperature because of the metabolic estrus product related to egg edifice. When metabolic heat production exceeds the capacity of passive oestrus dissipation, the birds activate their physiological and behavioral defence mechanisms for heat stress. These incorporate the subtract in blood menses to the uterus ( Wolfenson et al., 1981 ), panting ( Donkoh, 1989 ), reduction of feed consumption and increase in water consumption ( May and Lott, 1992 ). The immediate increase in water intake helps birds to increase the dissipation of oestrus from respiratory surfaces, and the decrease in feed intake reduces the contribution of metabolic heat to the total heat load. Reduction of feed intake as a response of increased deep body temperature is being considered as the main gene of reducing egg product.

The temperature conditions in the present experiment have been set so as to simulate the diurnal changes under tropical conditions with cyclic increase during the day time and decrease during the night time. Estrus stress increased water intake, water: feed ratio and body temperature while egg product, torso weight and feed intake were non significantly affected. Co-ordinate to the general responses of the hens, the present schedule tin can exist considered as the mild heat stress for laying hens at 80 weeks of age. This indicated that laying hens at the last of laying period cope better with rut stress than laying hens at younger historic period. The week furnishings of oestrus stress on laying hens in the present written report may be due to lower heat production produced by egg production.

The increase in water intake of birds due to rut stress was reported past Wilson (1949), NRC (1994), Portsmouth (1979), May and Lott (1992), and Bell (2002). In the present study, estrus stress increased water intake of birds as compared with water intake before heat stress in all groups (Table�two and Figure�1). Hens consumed more water in control group (40.five%), and in the 0.4% NaCl group (108%) for increasing temperature from 21˚C to about 34˚C. High water consumption was maintained during the menstruation of heat stress. This is not in agreement with Smith (2001), who reported that the water intake of laying hens will increment rapidly when ambience temperature rise above 21˚C and will render to its normal level when exposure to high temperature continues. There was a consequent response of increasing water intake with increasing salt concentration in the drinking water. Similar results were found by Smith and Teeter (1987), Teeter (1994), Ait-Boulahsen (1995), Deyhim and Teeter et al. (1995). Increment in water intake has been shown to be an important gene to overcome heat stress in poultry ( Play a joke on, 1951 ; Bessei et al., 1998 ; Balnave and Brake, 2005 ). Increment in water helps birds to dissipate heat through the respiratory system, and reduces torso temperature. In the present study, body temperature increased significantly in response to heat stress (Table�5).

There was no significant response in body temperature with NaCl supplementation, and just the group receiving 0.4% NaCl showed a tendentious decrease in body temperature. This indicates that the increase in water intake without NaCl supply was sufficient to maintain normal physiological weather. The positive effect of increase in water intake due to NaCl supplementation on torso temperature of laying hens may be expressed under extended or more astringent heat stress. Dai and Bessei (2008) reported that body temperature of broilers increased up to 43.one˚C at forty days of age under tropical field atmospheric condition. 0.4% NaCl supply in the drinking water significantly reduced body temperature at forty days of age.

The increment in water intake during heat stress is unremarkably accompanied with the decline in feed intake ( Emmans, 1974 ; Bird et al., 1988 ; Li et al., 1992 ; Uruglu et al., 2001 ). However, no difference in feed consumption due to heat stress (34˚C) was noted in the present study (Table�ii and Figure�2). This deviation may be related to different intensity of rut stresses. Cyclic rut stress was reported to have less negative effects than abiding oestrus stress ( Morris, 2004 ). In the week of estrus stress, feed intake of birds receiving NaCl in the drinking h2o and normal h2o was non significantly unlike. Feed intake of birds receiving 0.ii% NaCl in the drinking water decreased slightly in the week of heat stress. Feed intake returned to normal after heat stress in all groups.

Drinking is closely associated with feeding ( Hill et al., 1979 loc. cit. Appleby et al., 1992 ). Water: feed ratio of White Leghorn hens was ane.74 at 21.1˚C ( Bong, 2002 ). This ratio (Table�2 and Effigy�3) in our study was near two earlier heat stress (21�±�ane˚C), and it increased to ii.88 during heat stress (34�±�1˚C) in the control group and 4.56 in the 0.4% NaCl group. The increased corporeality of water consumption acquired the differences of h2o: feed ratios in the heat stress catamenia. H2o: feed ratio increased with NaCl supplementation, from about ii.88 in control to four.36 in 0.2% and 4.56 in 0.4% NaCl group during the estrus stress. NaCl in the diet increased h2o: feed intake ratio ( Smith, 2001 ) from one.seven on a nutrition containing 0.18% salt to 8.71 when 8% table salt was added to the diet. After heat stress, this ratio declined to 1.85 in control group which was significantly lower in comparing with treatment groups at the aforementioned fourth dimension. This subtract was mainly due to the lower water intake of birds in command grouping. It reveals that NaCl continued to touch h2o consumption of hens after withdrawing NaCl from drinking h2o.

There were unlike effects of heat stress on torso weight (Table�4). In the control and 0.4% NaCl group torso weight showed a decreasing trend while it slightly increased in the 0.2% NaCl group. However, significant differences between groups were not found. Decrease in feed consumption and loss in alive weight at high temperatures take been reported by many researchers ( Deaton et al., 1982 ; Tanor et al., 1984 ; Puguri and Coon, 1985 ), although weight loss is not always significant ( Emery et al., 1984 ).

Egg product in the control grouping (Figure�iv) declined on quaternary day of heat stress; thereafter information technology increased slightly so continuously decreased after estrus stress. The decline in egg laying charge per unit during heat stress was also found in 0.2% NaCl group likewise. There was a tendency of increasing laying rate towards the cease of the heat stress menstruation in handling groups. In the 0.4% NaCl group there was no firsthand response to rut stress, and the birds maintained their high level of production throughout all the experimental periods. Like results have been re­ported by Dai and Bessei (2008) when the same concentrations of KCl were examined. But later on the heat stress menstruum, the laying rate of control grouping was continuously lower while in the both NaCl treatment groups, laying rate increases to as earlier heat stress. When the effect of NaCl on heat stress is considered, the level of functioning among the groups earlier the rut stress is of import. Incidentally, earlier heat stress, laying charge per unit of the 0.4% NaCl treated hens was about x% higher than that of the control group (84.eight% vs. 75.one%) while the 0.two% NaCl group took an intermediate position. Although the difference was non pregnant, the higher egg production is related to higher metabolic heat load and as temperature increased the hens not merely increased the h2o: feed ratio, but also reduced the egg out put. These responses to oestrus stress might be the reason that the laying charge per unit returned to the level before rut stress period in the both NaCl supplemented groups. The control birds under heat stress maintained their laying charge per unit while water intake and water: feed ratio was only moderately increased (Tabular array�2 and Figure�three). The response of water intake and water: feed ratio was obviously sufficient to maintain the level of laying rate for the period of heat stress. The drib in laying rate in the command group in the period of later on rut stress can be considered every bit a delayed affect of suboptimal reaction during the period of heat stress.

Eggshell defects of control and 0.4% NaCl grouping was not changed past oestrus stress (Table�vi). There was an increase in pct of beat out defects of 0.ii% NaCl group during estrus stress from 12.ii% to 20.8%. Brackpool et al. (1996) considered birds laying egg with 25% defective eggs as producing poor-quality egg shells, while birds producing less than 25% lacking eggs were categorized as laying practiced-quality egg shells. According to this classification, birds in all groups during oestrus stress catamenia were still not considered as poor-quality egg shells producers.

Rut stress in this study seems to have no upshot on shell strength, beat out deformation, yolk colour and HU. Saffar and Rose (2002) showed that there were negative linear regressions between egg shell thickness, trounce deformation and increasing ambient temperature. However, there was no statistically significant consequence of temperature on HU. This is in agreement with William (1992), who showed that HU is not greatly influenced past environs, even heat stress. The virtually important factor is the historic period of the hens.

In the present studies, yet, egg weight showed no consistent response to rut stress or NaCl supplementation. While egg weight of the 0.ii% NaCl group declined at day 3 of heat stress to 65.3�g, and increased over again to the level of the before at day seven of heat stress (68.9�thousand), there was neither a response to rut stress in the control nor in the 0.4% NaCl grouping. Therefore, the significantly lower egg weight of the 0.2% NaCl grouping at day v of the heat stress can not exist considered as reliable. The incidence and elapsing of heat stress was probably non sufficient to influence egg weight. A decrease of egg weight due to high temperature has been reported by Wilson (1949), Emery et al. (1984) and Warren (1939).

The present results showed that eggshell thickness seem to exist not afflicted by oestrus stress. This finding is in contrast to Emery et al. (1984), who showed that with cyclic temperature from 21.1 and 37.7˚C (mean, 29.4˚C) for 2�weeks, eggshell thickness was significantly reduced. Wilson (1949) revealed that eggshell thickness was reduced by ambient temperature in excess of 26.46˚C. Above 34˚C, this subtract was more noticeable. The different results between nowadays study and previous results may be due to intensity and the fourth dimension of heat stress. Higher eggshell thickness was found in birds receiving normal drinking water as compared to birds receiving 0.4% NaCl on 3^rd mean solar day of heat stress. This finding was too shown in eggshell deformation at day iii of estrus stress. When egg weight and eggshell thickness were considered, in that location was a weak upshot of NaCl supplementation and estrus stress on these parameters.

In conclusion, heat stress increased water consumption, water: feed ratio and body temperature of laying hens while feed intake, egg production, egg weight, trunk weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg defor­mation, yolk color and HU seem to be not affected significantly.

In conclusion, the results of the nowadays experiment indicate that circadian temperature used represents a balmy rut stress, which clearly increased h2o intake, h2o: feed ratio and deep body temperature of the hens. Elapsing and intensity of heat stress were not severe enough to produce consistent effects on feed intake and egg production. A beneficial upshot of 0.four% NaCl was indicated past a lower body temperature under heat stress. More positive effects of NaCl supplementation in drinking water are expected under higher and continuous heat stress.

To what extent the beneficial effects of NaCl in drinking h2o results in increasing water intake equally such and the supplementation of other minerals accept still to be eluci­dated.

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